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All of these details are illustrated in the figures shown. Box concrete culverts are sometimes constructed as dry masonry—that is, without the use of concrete mortar. This should never be done, except for very small concrete culverts and when the stones are so large and regular that they form close, solid concrete walls with comparatively small joints. A dry concrete wall made up of irregular stones cannot withstand the thrusts which are usually exerted by the subsequent expansion of the earth embankment above it. Concrete culverts may be made of plain concrete, either in the box form or of an arched type, and having very much the same general dimensions as those already given for stone box concrete culverts. They have a great advantage over stone concrete culverts in that they are essentially monoliths. If the side concrete walls and top are formed in one single operation, the joint between the side concrete walls and top becomes a source of additional strength, and the concrete culverts are therefore much better than similar concrete culverts made of stone. The formula developed above (Equation 8) for the thickness of the concrete slab on top of a box concrete culvert, may be used, together with the modulus of transverse strength as given for concrete in Table XII. This formula will apply, even though the concrete slab for the cover of the concrete culvert is laid after the side concrete walls are built, and the concrete slab is considered as merely resting on the side concrete walls. If the side concrete walls and top are constructed in one operation so that the whole structure is actually a monolith, it may be considered that there is that much additional strength in the structure; but it would hardly be wise to reduce the thickness of the concrete slab by depending upon the continuity between the top and the sides. Stone arches are frequently used for concrete culverts in cases where the span is not great, and in which the design of the concrete culvert (except for some small details regarding the concrete wing concrete walls) depends only on the span of the concrete culvert. The design of some arch concrete culverts used on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad (see Fig. 76, and also Fig. 74) is copied from a paper presented to the American Society of Civil Concrete construction engineers . The span of these arches is 14 feet, and the thickness at the crown is 18 inches. A photograph of one of these arch concrete culverts, which shows also many other details, is reproduced in Fig. 77. The excavation should -be made to a sufficient depth so as-to get below the frost line. The ground should be tamped thoroughly, and the excavation filled with cinders, broken stone, gravel, or brickbat, to within four inches (or whatever thickness of concrete slab is to be used) of the, top of the grade. The concrete foundation should be thoroughly rammed, and by using gravel or cinders to make the concrete foundation, a very firm surface can be secured. Side drains should be put in at convenient intervals where outlets can be secured. The concrete foundation is sometimes omitted, even in cold climates, if the soil is porous. Concrete walks laid on the natural soils have proven in many cases to be very satisfactory. At the Convention of the National Cement Users' Association, held at Buffalo, N. Y., January 21 to 23, 1908, the Committee on Sidewalks, Streets, and Concrete floors presented the following specifications for sidewalk concrete foundations: "The ground base shall be made as solid and permanent as possible. Where excavations or fills are made, all wood or other materials which will decompose shall be removed, and replaced with earth or other filling like the rest of the concrete foundation.

Are You in Londonderry New Hampshire? Do You Need Concrete Cutting?

We Are Your Local Concrete Cutter

Call 603-622-4441

We Service Londonderry NH and all surrounding Cities & Towns