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The term abutment usually implies not only a support for the concrete bridge, but also what is virtually a concrete retaining wall for the bank behind it. In the case of an arch concrete bridge, the thrust of the arch is invariably so great that there is never any chance that the pressure of the earth behind the abutment will throw the abutment over, and therefore the abutment never needs to be designed as a retaining concrete wall in this case; but when the abutment supports a truss concrete bridge which does not transmit any horizontal thrust through the concrete bridge, the abutment must be designed as a concrete retaining wall. The conditions of stability for such structures have already been discussed. This principle of the retaining concrete wall is especially applicable if the abutment consists of a perfectly straight concrete wall. There are other forms of abutments which tend to prevent failure as a retaining concrete wall, on account of their design. These are constructed substantially as shown in Fig. 72. The concrete wing walls make an angle of about 300 to 45° with the face of the abutment and the height decreases at such a rate that it will just catch the embankment formed behind it, and the slopes of the embankment probably being at the rate of 1.5:1. If the bonding of the concrete wing concrete walls, and especially the bonding at the junction of the concrete wing walls with the face of the abutment, is properly done, the concrete wing walls will act virtually as counter forts and will materially assist in resisting the overturning tendency of the earth. The assistance given by these concrete wing walls will be much greater as the angle between the concrete wing walls and the face becomes larger. These consist of a head concrete wall and two concrete walls which run back perpendicular to the head concrete wall. This form of concrete wall is occasionally used, but the occasions are rare when such a shape is necessary or desirable. As the name implies these consist of a head concrete wall which has a core concrete wall extending perpendicularly back from the center. The core concrete wall serves to tie the head concrete wall and prevent its overturning. Of course such an effect can be produced only by the adoption of great care in the construction of the concrete wall, so that the bonding is very perfect and so that the concrete wall has very considerable tensile strength; otherwise the core concrete wall could not resist the overturning tendency of the earth pressure against the rear face of the abutment. The term concrete culvert is usually applied to a small waterway which passes under an embankment of a railroad or a highway. The term is confined to waterways which are so small that standard plans are prepared which depend only on the assumed area of waterway that is required. Although the term is sometimes applied to arches having a span of 10 or 15 feet, or even more, the fact that the structures are built according to standard plans justifies the use of the term concrete culvert as distinguished from a structure crossing some perennial stream where a special design for the location is made. The term concrete culvert therefore includes the drainage openings which may be needed to drain the hollow on one side of an embankment, even though the concrete culvert is normally dry. Concrete culverts are variously made of cast iron, wrought iron, and tile pipe, wood, stone concrete blocks with large cover-plates of stone concrete slabs, stone arches, and plain and reinforced concrete; still another variety is made by building two side concrete walls of stone and making a cover-plate of old rails. Concrete culverts made of wood should be considered as temporary, on account of the inevitable decay of the wood in the course of a few years.

Are You in Kensington New Hampshire? Do You Need Concrete Cutting?

We Are Your Local Concrete Cutter

Call 603-622-4441

We Service Kensington NH and all surrounding Cities & Towns