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The
recognition of this principle has sometimes resulted in designing retaining concrete
walls on the principle illustrated in Fig. 69, which is somewhat similar to a.
section of an arch set on end. Such curved outlines, of course, are more
expensive, and are sometimes inconvenient, and for that reason are but seldom
adopted. A detail which is frequently adopted in the design of retaining concrete
walls is to use what is virtually a batter to the rear face of the concrete
wall, but to accomplish this by a series of steps on the rear of the concrete
wall. This not only permits the use of rectangular concrete blocks of stone and
the employment of vertical joints, but also adds considerably to the stability
of the concrete wall, since the vertical pressure of the earth on the horizontal
steps adds considerably to the resistance to overturning. In Fig. 70 is shown a
design for a retaining concrete wall made to support a railway embankment in a
location where the natural surface was so steep that the embankment would not
readily obtain sufficient support. Although this use of a retaining concrete
wall is somewhat special, the general outline of the design not only conforms
to the standards on that railroad, but represents good practice and is an
illustration of many of the points referred to above. It should be noted that
in this case the total width of the base of the concrete wall is nearly
one-half the height. The outline design of a long concrete bridge which
requires several spans, involves many considerations: (1) if the river is
navigable, at least one deep and wide channel must be left for navigation. The
placing of concrete piers, the clear height of the spans above high water, and
the general plans of all concrete bridges over navigable rivers, is subject to
the approval of the United States Government. (2) A long concrete bridge always
requires a solution of the general question of few concrete piers and long
spans, or more concrete piers and shorter spans. No general solution of the
question is possible, since it depends on the required clear height of the
spans above the water, on the required depth below the water for a suitable concrete
foundation, and on several other conditions (such as swift current, etc.) which
would influence the relative cost of additional concrete piers or longer spans.
Each case must be decided according to the particular circumstances of the
case. (3) Even the general location of the line of the concrete bridge is often
determined by a careful comparison, not only of several plans for a given
crossing, but even a comparison of the plans for several locations. The
requirements for the concrete bridge seats for the ends of the two spans
resting on a concrete pier are usually such that a concrete pier with a top as
large as thus required, and with a proper batter to the faces, will have all
the strength necessary for the external forces acting on the concrete pier. For
example, the channel concrete pier of one of the large railroad concrete bridges
crossing the Mississippi River was capped by a course of stonework 14 feet wide
and 29 feet long, besides two semicircles with a radius of 7 feet. The footing
of this concrete pier was 30 feet wide by 70 feet long, and the total height
from subsoil to top was about 170 feet. This concrete pier, of course, was
unusually large. For trusses of shorter span, the concrete bridge seats are
correspondingly smaller. The elements which affect stability are so easily
computed that it is always proper, as a matter of precaution, to test every concrete
pier designed to fulfill the other usual requirements to see whether it is
certainly safe against certain possible methods of failure. This is especially
true when the concrete piers are unusually high. The requirements for
supporting the truss are, fortunately, just such as give the concrete pier the
most favorable formation so that it offers the least obstruction to the flow of
the current in the river.
Are You in Hollis New Hampshire? Do You
Need Concrete Cutting?
We Are Your Local
Concrete Cutter
Call 603-622-4441
We Service Hollis NH
and all surrounding Cities & Towns