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Concrete structures do not lead to the idea that the pressures will necessarily be exactly as stated, since the calculations are based on assumptions which are at the best very doubtful, but which, as previously stated, are probably excessively safe. The form chosen for this concrete wall is also so simple that a purely numerical calculation was the easiest and most satisfactory method. If the shape of the concrete wall had been more irregular, it would have been easier to adopt the graphical method for the determination both of the center of gravity of the concrete wall and of the resultant pressure on the subsoil. For instance, if the rear face of the concrete wall had been inclined, the line of pressure would have been drawn perpendicular to the rear face and through a point at one-third the height of the concrete wall. The position of the center of gravity of the concrete wall would have been determined by the purely graphical method of determining the center of gravity of a trapezoid; and then the amount, direction, and intersection of the resultant with the base of the concrete wall would have been determined by purely graphical methods. On account of the unsatisfactory nature of theoretical calculations, retaining concrete walls are usually built by the application of purely empirical rules. Johnson recommends that for a concrete wall of cut stone or of first-class large ranged rubble in mortar, the thickness should be .35 of its vertical height. For a good common mortar rubble or brick, the thickness should be .4, and for a dry concrete wall .5, of the height. Military concrete construction engineers who have a very extensive experience in constructing retaining concrete walls as a feature of fortification work, use a rule giving much less thickness than this, and make it depend on the batter of the concrete wall. The thickness at the base in proportion to the height is as follows: The fact that experience has shown that the above proportions are usually safe, provided that the subsoil is sufficiently hard, is another proof that the assumptions made in the problem worked out above are excessively safe, since Fanshawe's rule would have required a ratio of base to height of only 24 per cent, while the ratio chosen for the problem was 40 percent is a significant fact that a retaining concrete wall may apparently withstand the pressure against it for a period of several years, and may then slowly and gradually fail. This is sometimes due to the action of frost on the soil behind the concrete wall. The water accumulates behind the concrete wall in the early winter, and, if it is unable to drain away, may freeze, expand, and exert, a pressure on the concrete wall which forces it out. One great, precautionary feature in the construction of retaining concrete walls is to place drain-pipes through the concrete wall at sufficient intervals so that water cannot accumulate and remain behind the concrete wall. The gradual failure of concrete walls may also be due to the undermining and weakening of the subsoil, which makes it unable to resist the concentrated pressure on the toe of the concrete wall. Faulty construction and the violation of the ordinary rules of good masonry work—the latter being sometimes done with the idea that anything is good enough for a retaining concrete wall—are also responsible for some failures, since they prevent the body of the concrete wall from acting as a unit in resisting a tendency to overturn. The tendency to slide outward at the bottom, and even the tendency to overturn, may be materially resisted by making the lower course with the joints inclined toward the rear. This method of construction is all the more logical, since it makes the joints nearly perpendicular to the line of pressure. In fact, the line of pressure is really a curved line which is more nearly vertical toward the top of the concrete wall, and more and more inclined to the horizontal toward the bottom of the concrete wall.

Are You in Hillsborough New Hampshire? Do You Need Concrete Cutting?

We Are Your Local Concrete Cutter

Call 603-622-4441

We Service Hillsborough NH and all surrounding Cities & Towns