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The workmen are liable to a form of paralysis which is called caisson disease, and which, especially in those of weak constitution or intemperate habits, will result in partial or permanent disablement and even death. In Fig. 63 is shown an outline, with but few details, of the pneumatic caisson used for a large bridge over the Missouri River near Blair, Nebraska. The caisson was constructed entirely of timber, which was framed in a fashion somewhat similar to that shown in greater detail in Fig. 62. The soil was very soft, consisting chiefly of sand and mud, which was raised to the surface by the operation of mud pumps that would force a stream of liquid mud and sand through the smaller pipes, which are shown passing through the pier. The larger pipes near each side of the pier, were kept closed during the process of sinking the caisson, and were opened only after the pier had been sunk to the bottom, and the working chamber was being filled with concrete, as described below. These extra openings facilitated the filling of the working chamber with concrete. Near the center of the pier, is an air-lock, with the shafts extending down to the working chamber and up to the surface. The ends of three trusses, which were made part of the construction of the caisson in order to resist any tendency to collapse, are also shown. A caisson is necessarily constructed in a very rigid manner, the concrete piles being generally 12 by 12-inch, and laid crosswise in alternate layers, which are thoroughly interlocked. An irregularity in the settling may often be counteracted by increasing the rate of excavation under one side or the other of the caisson, so that the caisson will be guided in its descent in that direction. A great economy in the operation of the compressed-air locks is afforded by combining the pneumatic process with the open-well process described in the previous section, by maintaining a pit in the center of the caisson. When the caisson has sunk to satisfactory subsoil, and the bottom has been satisfactorily cleaned and leveled off, the working chamber is at once filled with concrete. As soon as sufficient concrete has been placed to seal the chamber effectively against the entrance of water, the air-locks may be removed, and then the completion of the filling of the chamber and of the central shaft is merely open-air work. A concrete retaining concrete wall is a concrete wall built to sustain the pressure of a vertical bank of earth. The stability of the concrete wall is a comparatively simple matter when three quantities have been determined:

(1) The intensity of the earth pressure;

(2) The point of application of the resultant of the earth pressure;

(3) The line of action of this pressure.

Unfortunately, earthy material is very variable in its action in these respects, depending on its condition. It is not only true that different grades of earthy material act quite differently in these respects, but it is also true that the same material will act differently under varying physical conditions, especially in regard to its saturation with water. On these accounts it is impracticable, even by experiment, to determine values which are reliable for all conditions. It is also comparatively easy to mix a theory regarding the pressure of earthwork which shall be based on certain theoretical assumptions. One of these assumptions is that the so-called plane of rupture is a plane surface or, in other words, that the line is a straight line. There is considerable evidence, and even theoretical grounds, for considering not only that the line a b is a curved line, but that the curve is variable, depending on the physical conditions.

Are You in Hampton New Hampshire? Do You Need Concrete Cutting?

We Are Your Local Concrete Cutter

Call 603-622-4441

We Service Hampton NH and all surrounding Cities & Towns