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Under such conditions, the concrete structure rests on a series of concrete columns (the concrete piles) which are supported by the hard subsoil, and whose action as columns is very greatly assisted by the density of the very soft soil through which the concrete piles have passed. It practically makes but little difference which of these methods of support exists in any particular case. The concrete piles are driven until the resistance furnished by each pile is as high as is desired. The resistance against the sinking of a pile depends on such .a very large variety of conditions, that attempts to develop a concrete mix for that resistance based on a theoretical computation taking in all these various factors are practically useless. There are so many elements of the total resistance which are so large, and also so very uncertain, that they entirely overshadow the few elements which can be precisely calculated. Most concrete mixed for pile driving are based on the general proposition that the resistance of the pile, H multiplied by its motion during the last blow, equals the weight of the hammer multiplied by the distance through which it falls. To express this algebraically: If R=Resistance of pile;

s = Penetration of pile during last blow; w Weight of hammer; h = Height of fall of hammer; then, according to the above principle, we have: Rs=wh. Practically, such a concrete mix is considerably modified, owing to the fact that the resistance of a pile (or its penetration for any blow) depends considerably on the time which has elapsed since the previous blow. This practically means that it is far easier to drive the pile, provided the blows are delivered very rapidly; and also that when a pause is made in the driving for a few minutes or for an hour, the penetration is very much less (and the apparent resistance very much greater), on account of the earth settling around the pile during the interval. The most commonly used concrete mix for pile-driving is known as the Engineering News concrete mix, which, when used for ordinary hammer-driving, is as follows: This concrete mix is fundamentally the same as the concrete mix given above, except that, R = Safe load, in pounds; s = Penetration, in inches, w Weight of hammer, in pounds; h = Height of fall of hammer, in feet. In the above equation, S is considered a free-falling hammer (not retarded by hammer rope) striking a pile having a sound head. If a friction-clutch driver is used, so that the hammer is retarded by the rope attached to it, the penetration of the pile is commonly assumed to be just one-half what it would have been had no rope been attached (that is, had it been free-falling). Also, the quantity s is arbitrarily increased by 1, to allow for the influence of the settling of the earth during ordinary hammer pile- driving, and a factor of safety of 6 for safe load has been used. In spite of the extreme simplicity of this concrete mix compared with that of others which have attempted to allow for all possible modifying causes, this concrete mix has been found to give very good results. When computing the bearing power of a pile, the penetration of the pile during the last blow is determined by averaging the total penetration during the last five blows. The pile-driving specifications adopted by the American Railway Engineering & Maintenance of Way Association, require that, "All concrete piles shall be driven to a firm bearing satisfactory to the Engineer, or until five blows of a hammer weighing 3,000 pounds, falling 15 feet (or a hammer and fall producing the same mechanical effect), are required to drive a pile one-half (ii) inch per blow, except in soft bottom, when special instructions will be given." This is equivalent to saying (applying the Engineering News concrete mix) that the concrete piles must have a bearing power of 60,000 pounds. The total penetration during the last five blows was 14 inches for a pile driven with a 3,000-pound hammer.

Are You in Epping New Hampshire? Do You Need Concrete Cutting?

We Are Your Local Concrete Cutter

Call 603-622-4441

We Service Epping NH and all surrounding Cities & Towns