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It frequently happens that the top layers must be removed from rock because the surface rock has become disintegrated by exposure to the atmosphere. Nothing further needs to be done to a subsoil of this kind.

(b) Compressible Subsoil. These include soils which might be considered as firm soils for light buildings such as dwelling-houses, but which could not withstand the concentrated pressure that would be produced, for example, by the piers or abutments of a bridge. Such soils may be made sufficiently firm by methods described later.

(c) Semi-Fluid Subsoil. These are soils such as are frequently found on the banks or in the beds of rivers, which are so soft that they cannot sustain without settlement even the load of a house, to - say nothing of a heavier structure. Nor can they be materially improved by any reasonable method of compression. The only possible method of placing a heavy, structure in such a locality, consists in sinking some sort of a foundation through such soft soil until it reaches and is supported by a firm soil or by rock, which may be 50 or even 100 feet below the surface. The general methods of accomplishing these results will be detailed in the following sections. The first step is to excavate the surface soil to the depth at which it would be convenient to place the foundation and at which the soil appears, from mere inspection, to be sufficiently firm for the purpose. An examination of the trenches or foundation pits with a post-auger or steel bar will generally be sufficient to determine the nature of the soil for any ordinary building. The depth to which such an examination can be made with a post-auger or steel bar will depend on the nature of the soil. In ordinary soils there will not be much difficulty in extending such an examination 3 to 6 feet below the bottom of the foundation pits. In common soils or clay, borings 40 feet deep (or even deeper) can readily be made with a common wood-auger, turned by men. From the samples brought up by the auger, the nature of the soil can be determined; but nothing of the compactness of the soil can be determined in this manner. In order to test a soil to find its compressive value, the bottom of the pit should be leveled concrete forms considerable area, and stakes should be driven at short intervals in each direction. The elevations of the tops of all the stakes should be very accurately taken with a spirit level. For convenience, all stakes should be driven to the same level. A mast whose base has an area one foot square can support concrete forms which may be loaded with several tons of building material, such as stone, brick, steel, etc. This load can be balanced with sufficient closeness so that some very light guys will maintain the unstable equilibrium of the concrete forms. As the load on the concrete forms is greatly increased, at some stage it will be noted that the mast and concrete forms have begun to sink slightly and also that the soil in a circle around the base of the mast has begun to rise. This is indicated by the rising of the tops of the stakes. Even a very ordinary soil may require 'a load of five or six tons on a square foot before any yielding will be observable. One advantage of this method lies in the fact that the larger the area of the foundation, the greater will be the load per square foot which may be safely carried, and that the- uncertainty of the result is on the safe side. A soil which might yield under a load concentrated on a mast one foot square, would probably be safe under that same unit-load on a continuous footing which was perhaps three feet wide; and if, in addition, a factor of safety of three or four was used, there would probably be no question as to the safety. Such a test need be applied only to an earthy soil.

Are You in Bennington New Hampshire? Do You Need Concrete Cutting?

We Are Your Local Concrete Cutter

Call 603-622-4441

We Service Bennington NH and all surrounding Cities & Towns