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For
walls 3 feet thick, the rubble and concrete cutting will usually be cheaper,
owing to the saving in concrete forms. Usually the proportion of rubble stone
is expressed in percentage of the finished work. This percentage varies from 20
to 65 per cent. The percentage depends largely on the size of the stone used,
as there must be nearly as much space left between small stones as between
large ones. The percentage therefore increases with the size of the stones.
When "one- man" or "two-man" rubble stone is used, about 20
per cent to 25 per cent of the finished work is composed of these stones. When
the stones are large enough to be handled with a derrick, the proportion is
increased to about 33 per cent; and to 55 per cent, or even 65 per cent, when
the rubble stones average from 1 to 2- cubic yards each. The distance between
the stones may vary from 3 inches to 15 or 18 inches. With a very wet mixture
of concrete, which is generally used, the stones can be placed much closer than
if a dry mixture is used. With the latter mixture, the space must be sufficient
to allow of the concrete being thoroughly rammed into all of the crevices.
Specifications often state that no rubble stone shall be placed nearer the
surface of the concrete than 6 to 12 inches built of rubble, ashlars, or cut
stone, and the filling between the faces made of rubble concrete. For this
style of construction, no concrete forms are required. For rubble concrete,
when the faces are not constructed of stone, wooden concrete forms are
constructed as for ordinary concrete. The mixture of concrete used for this
class of work is often 1 part Portland cement, 3 parts sand, and 6 parts stone.
The quantities of materials required for one yard of concrete, according to
Table VI, are 1.05 barrels of cement, 0.44 cu. yd. sand, and 0.88 cu. yd.
stone. If rubble concrete is used, and if the rubble stone laid averages 0.40
cubic yard for each yard of concrete, then 40 per cent of the cubic contents is
rubble and each of the other materials may be reduced 40 per cent. Reducing
these quantities gives 1.05 > (0.60 0.63 bbl. of cement; 0.44 X 0.60 = 0.26
cu. yd. sand; and 0.88 >< 0.60 = 0.53 Cu. yd. of stone, per cubic yard of
rubble concrete. The construction of a dam on the Quinebaug
River is a good example of rubble concrete. The height of the dam varies from
30 to 45 feet above bed-rock. The materials composing the concrete consist of
bank sand and gravel excavated from the, bars in the bed of the river. The rock
and boulders were taken from the site of the dam, and were of varying sizes.
Stones containing 2 to 2- cubic yards were used in the bottom of the dam, but
in the upper part of the dam smaller stones were used. The total amount of
concrete used in the dam was about 12,000 cubic yards. There was 12'- cubic
yards of concrete for each barrel of cement used. The concrete was mixed wet,
and the large stones were so placed that no voids or hollows world exist in the
finished work. In depositing concrete under water, some means must be taken to
prevent the separation of the materials while passing through the water. The
three principal methods are as follows:
(1)
By means of closed buckets;
(2)
By means of cloth or paper bags;
(3)
By means of tubes.
For
depositing concrete by the first method, special buckets are made with a closed
top and hinged bottom. Concrete deposited under water must be disturbed as
little as possible, and in tipping a bucket the material is apt to be
disturbed. Several different types of buckets with hinged bottoms have been
devised to open automatically when the place for depositing the concrete has
been reached.
Are You in Atkinson New Hampshire? Do You
Need Concrete Cutting?
We Are Your Local
Concrete Cutter
Call 603-622-4441
We Service Atkinson
NH and all surrounding Cities & Towns